The responses to abiotic stress include metabolic regulations which often requires wide changes in the concentration, composition, and distribution of both primary and secondary metabolites. In addition, a number of compounds such as sRNA, peptides and metabolites act as systemic signals to counteract the stress throughout the plant 5, 6. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a key player involved in abiotic stress responses and affects the expression of several genes with different functions to mediate systemic stress tolerance 5. Plant recognition of abiotic stress is more intricate and involves various sensing systems for example associated with water status and reactive oxygen species (ROS) 2, 4. In the case of biotic stress there are many specific receptors in cell walls or intracellularly, for example for pathogen-associated molecular patterns and effectors that results in more or less specific responses 3. Such genes support stress management either directly, through various factors such as chaperones and osmotic regulators or indirectly, through transcription regulation and signaling 1, 2. Plants responses to abiotic stress are very complex and require modulation in the expression of numerous genes 1, 2. Plants experience many abiotic stress conditions during their life cycle that need to be handled in order to survive. The present study suggests that 5113 treatment provides systemic effects that involve metabolic and regulatory functions supporting both growth and stress management. Peptides maps or sequences were used for database searches which identified several homologs. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of wheat leaves resolved more than 300 proteins of which several were differentially expressed between different treatments and that cold stress had a stronger impact on the protein pattern compared to heat and drought. Metabolite profiling using NMR and ESI-MS provided evidences for metabolic reprograming in 5113-treated seedlings and showed that several common stress metabolites were significantly accumulated in stressed wheat. SPAD readings showed higher chlorophyll content in 5113-treated stressed seedlings. Bacillus improved wheat survival in all stress conditions. Seedlings treated with Bacillus were exposed to heat, cold/freezing or drought stress. The present investigation aimed to explore major metabolic and molecular changes connected with the ability of Bacillus velezensis 5113 to mediate abiotic stress tolerance in wheat. However, the molecular and physiological changes connected with PGPR priming of stress management are poorly understood. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been shown to improve abiotic stress tolerance in several plants. Abiotic stresses are main limiting factors for agricultural production around the world.
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